Institutionalisation

Face aux mutations rapides de la société dès la fin du XXe siècle, les écoles semblent compter de plus en plus sur les organisations de leur environnement pour assumer la diversification de leurs missions. Ainsi, le partenariat scolaire a-t-il pris de l’ampleur au cours des dernières décennies, au point de devenir une norme pour les personnels scolaires et les organisations de leur environnement. Cet article resitue d’abord la croissance de ces collaborations dans le cadre des évolutions sociétales, montrant en quoi cette croissance est liée à la globalisation, l’expansion de l’éducation, l’instanciation de l’acteur organisationnel ou la pluralisation des références normatives. Il analyse également, à partir d’une recherche documentaire et d’une enquête qualitative dans le champ des « éducations à », comment ces phénomènes sociétaux se concrétisent sur le terrain local. Les données empiriques révèlent une double dépendance entre écoles et organisations extérieures. Cette relation apparait cependant asymétrique, au désavantage des acteurs non scolaires, forcés de s’adapter aux contraintes de l’école tout en construisant leur légitimité sur leur différence par rapport aux objets et à la forme scolaires. Dans une dernière partie, cet article analyse en quoi l’ouverture des écoles à leurs partenaires contribue à la fragmentation et à la réinstitutionnalisation du champ scolaire.

This paper examines the relationship between policy and politics in relation to the development of public- sector primary education through Breton and Gaelic, considering closely the patterns of power through which such provision is delivered. Brittany and Scotland present many similarities as culturally distinctive territories, contained within larger state-nations, which until recently allowed very little scope for minority language education. Initiatives to develop public-sector education through Breton and Gaelic were finally launched in the 1980s and have now became significantly institutionalised, even if they remain small in scale. The dynamics of institutionalisation have been very different in the two territories, however: parallel problems have been tackled in different ways, and issues that have proved fraught in one have presented few complications in the other. Both case studies demonstrate the importance of ‘bottom-up’ dynamics as a source of innovative energy.

There is a plethora of theories to explore the disciplines of business, management and sociology, with institutional theory being widely used to explore a range of research challenges. In the area of Information Systems (IS), the use of institutional theory remains in its infancy, with much potential for adoption. Much of the rationale underpinning the proposed research is that a systematic review and synthesis of the normative literature may support the direction of further research and the use of institutional theory in exploring pertinent research challenges facing the IS community. This study also serves to signpost cross-disciplinary research, and thus opens up a whole new research paradigm. Therefore, this article seeks to provide a bibliometric analysis and a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature pertaining to institutional theory to ascertain the current ‘state of play’ of the theory. Information on a series of variables was extracted after conducting a revie...

Travail de recherche qui propose une analyse historique des réseaux et de la mobilité scientifiques entre le Mexique et la France. Il s’appuie à la fois sur une étude d’histoire de la science et de relations internationales à travers une approche originale centrée sur leur volet scientifique. Son objectif est d'expliquer comment se sont développés les échanges scientifiques entre les deux pays, depuis les premières missions de professeurs durant l'entre-deux-guerres, jusqu'à l'époque de la nouvelle mondialisation qui a commencé en 1989. Il permet l’observation de plusieurs processus qui se sont établis dans un lapse de temps comprenant sept décennies : le réajustement progressif d'une relation initialement conduite et impulsée  par la France ; l'institutionnalisation d'une coopération bilatérale qui s’est établie à travers l’action décisive de certaines personnes, la conclusion d’accords-cadres, la mise en route de programmes (inter)nationaux et l’influence de nombreux organismes de  recherche ; enfin, comment la coopération scientifique franco-mexicaine est passée du domaine culturel au domaine économique, au cours des décennies où est née la « technoscience ». La thèse se termine par une analyse des réseaux académiques actuels entre la France et le Mexique, et de leurs antécédents, à travers une enquête réalisée auprès de chercheurs mexicains et français, responsables de projets conjoints en partenariat. 
Pour ce faire, elle s’appuie sur des archives, essentiellement diplomatiques, relatifs à la coopération scientifique entre les deux pays. L’étude de ces documents permet de mettre en évidence le renforcement institutionnel des acteurs ayant assuré sa promotion. Ils laissent également apparaître une relation, davantage constructive, équitable et basée sur la recherche d’intérêts. À travers ce fil directeur, ce travail permet, en définitive, d'observer comment la modernisation d'un pays émergent, en l'occurrence le Mexique, favorise le changement de son image et de ses rapports de force, et comment un pays européen comme la France adapte sa diplomatie afin de maintenir son influence et sa présence. À une époque où les échanges sont de plus en plus nombreux, intenses et diversifiés, les résultats de cette recherche montrent les différentes étapes d’échanges scientifiques entre les deux pays, et identifient les caractéristiques et les conditions d’une coopération scientifique bilatérale. Une analyse diachronique de ce terme permet de distinguer trois étapes ou niveaux d'échanges scientifiques. La première, entre assistance technique et la création de formes de coopération embryonnaire, est caractérisée par des missions
essentiellement protocolaires et très éparses jusqu'au début de l'institutionnalisation (1930-1975) des échanges bilatéraux. Le second niveau interroge la redéfinition d’une coopération ascendante et progressive, de plus en plus intégrée à des applications économiques et centrée sur des missions d’experts et des actions de formation (1975-1989). La dernière, qui a débuté en 1989, après plusieurs années de restructuration des outils de coopération en raison d'une crise économique particulièrement grave au Mexique, marque un rééquilibrage des relations bilatérales francomexicaines et la multiplication des réseaux universitaires, ainsi qu'une circulation plus intense et élargie des connaissances entre les deux pays dans tous les domaines scientifiques.

Dans un contexte de prégnance des problématiques liées à l’exclusion, nous analysons les processus d’institutionnalisation d’organisations d’économie sociale et solidaire qui ont une dimension clairement économique, à travers une activité continue de production de biens et services, et qui poursuivent explicitement un objectif de création d’emplois pour des personnes défavorisées.
Nous stabilisons le concept d’encastrement, demeuré fortement polysémique dans la littérature et rarement opérationnalisé, en étudiant l’encastrement politique des organisations d’économie sociale et solidaire, c’est-à-dire l’inscription de ces organisations dans l’espace public et au sein des politiques publiques, selon une relation d’influence réciproque. C’est donc à travers une hypothèse de co-construction du champ que nous examinons les processus d’institutionnalisation de ces organisations. Nous étudions le double mouvement selon lequel, d’une part, ces organisations parviennent à s’inscrire dans le débat public, à se constituer en tant qu’acteur politique et à mener au développement de politiques publiques. D’autre part, l’inscription spécifique de ces organisations dans l’espace public et dans le paysage des politiques publiques peut influencer en retour les pratiques organisationnelles développées, entendues dans un sens pluriel. Nous inscrivons en effet la recherche au sein des travaux de l’économie plurielle, fondés sur une conception substantive de l’économie telle que mise en avant par Polanyi.
Pour tester la valeur heuristique du concept d’encastrement politique proposé dans la thèse, nous l’opérationnalisons dans deux terrains différents, un terrain Nord et un terrain Sud, où varient les formes d’action publique des organisations d’économie sociale et solidaire ainsi que les formes d’action publique de l’Etat. Il s’agit, d’une part, des entreprises sociales d’insertion par le travail en Région wallonne de Belgique et, d’autre part, des coopératives populaires de l’Etat de Rio de Janeiro au Brésil. Au-delà des conclusions propres à chaque étude de cas, cela nous permet de formuler des conclusions transversales relatives à la manière dont les organisations d’économie sociale et solidaire combinent une dimension économique – de production de biens et services –, une dimension sociale – de service à la collectivité – et une dimension politique – d’expression collective dans l’espace public.

El libro relata la historia de cuando el ferrocarril se inauguró en San Luis Potosí en 1888 por el presidente Porfirio Díaz. Fueron muchos días de fiesta y la ciudad de San Luis se preparó desde mucho tiempo antes para celebrar la inauguración de la línea férrea de México a Laredo que uniría a la capital del país con Estados Unidos. La estación del Ferrocarril Nacional Mexicano se construyo en la Alameda que se trasformo en el prototipo del paseo moderno y la portada de la ciudad, pues sería lo primero que los viajeros de fuera verían al llegar a San Luis. A partir de la década de 1880 se colocaron gradualmente muchos monumentos en ese jardín donde se realizaban desfiles y ceremonias a la patria con poesías, música y festividades públicas hasta que la Alameda se convirtió en el lugar  de celebración pública más importante donde confluían medios de comunicación urbanos y foráneos. Todas estas transformaciones urbanas y de mentalidad se abordan en el libro como una proyección simbólica del ideal de modernidad, de progreso y de orden fomentada por el régimen porfirista. como parte de las estrategias utilizadas por el Estado, en conjunción con la élite local, encaminadas a institucionalizar cualidades y valores ideales en los ciudadanos. Esta historia ayuda a entender como las regiones se insertaron dentro de un proceso mayor: la institucionalización del Estado mexicano sobre el ciudadano en las diferentes localidades durante el porfiriato.

This study investigated first year first semester
Psychology students’(2013) perceptions of the relevance of
identity related domains at Great Zimbabwe University (Poly
campus , Masvingo) (N=350). For this purpose a structured
questionnaire consisting of 14 domain specific items was adapted
from earlier studies by Alberts, Mbalo and Ackerman studies
(2003). The study replicates Chimunhu (2011) study at
University of Fort Hare. Most of the domains were regarded as
overwhelmingly relevant by the respondents. My career was
highly regarded at 93% “Very important” by the respondents
whilst Friendship with members of the opposite sex was regarded
of least importance by 47 % of the respondents. Gender and age
variables are likely to affect Adolescents differently at different
phases in this stage of identity development. The findings of this
study suggest that there is no significant cross cultural variations
between Zimbabwean and South African adolescence in the way
the evaluate domains of identity formation. An emphasis should
be on the need to offer career counseling to the adolescence stage
of development according to age and level of study.
Significantly, the impact of the college setting and freshman
status, with its liberating and peer influences has a bearing on the
multidimensional aspects of adolescence identity.

This research presents an overview and historical analysis of academic networks and scientific mobility between Mexico and France. Its objective is to explain how the scientific exchanges between both countries have been developed, from the earliest missions of university professors during the interwar period to the era of the new globalization that began in 1989, with a double focus on the history of science and international relations (from an unusual perspective in science). It tries to emphasize several processes that are manifested in a lapse of time of seven decades: the progressive readjustment of a relationship initially pioneered and promoted by France; the institutionalization of a bilateral cooperation established through key actors, framework agreements, (inter)national programs and various research organizations; and how the Mexican-French scientific cooperation passed from the cultural field to the economic, throughout the decades in which the so-called techno-science was born. It ends with an analysis of the current academic networks between France and Mexico, and their antecedents, using a survey carried out among Mexican and French researchers. 
Through the analysis of archives related to cooperation for scientific exchange between both countries, institutional strengthening is shown, as well as the interests pursued by both nations and their more proactive and equitable relations. On the other hand, this study proposes to observe how the modernization of an emerging country, in this case Mexico, promotes changing its image and power relations, and how a European country like France adapts its diplomacy in order to maintain its influence. At a time when exchanges are increasingly intensified, numerous and diversified, the results of this research show the different stages of scientific exchanges between the two countries, and seeks to define the items and conditions of bilateral scientific cooperation. A diachronic analysis of this term makes it possible to distinguish at least three stages or levels of scientific exchanges. The first, between technical assistance and forms of embryonic cooperation, is characterized by essentially formal and very occasional missions until the beginning of institutionalization (1930-1975). The second teaches us a bottom-up and incremental cooperation, increasingly linked to economic cooperation (1975-1989) and focus on


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training. The latter, which began in 1989 after a decade affected by restructuring of the cooperation instruments due to a huge economic crisis, marks a rebalancing of the FrancoMexican bilateral relationship and the multiplication of academic networks, as well as a more intense, and also extended to all scientific areas, circulation of knowledge between both countries.
Keywords: 
Scientific cooperation / Cultural Diplomacy / Academic Networks / Circulation of knowledge / Institutionalization / Internationalization / Soft power / Technoscience.

(co-authored with Fortunato Musella) The emergence of personalized party organizations has called for a redefinition of the concept of party institutionalization (PI). This article brings different strands of literature together and proposes a new multidimensional index of PI. PI is conceived of as the interplay of objective and internal party features with the external environment. The viability of the index is tested through its application to a prominent case of personal party, the Italian Five Star Movement (5SM). Through a detailed analysis of its history, we show that the 5SM has become more institution-alized over time; however, this has especially affected its external facet, while other specific party traits have been less involved. Findings suggest that the stabilization of internal structures to connect party echelon and rank-and-file remains a challenge

This article assesses squatted social centres in London as a means to understand the cycles, contexts and institutionalisation processes of the local squatters movement. This diffuse social movement had its heyday in the late 1970s and early 1980s when there were 30,000 squatters and still exists today despite squatting in residential buildings being criminalised in 2012. Analysis is based on a database of 245 social centres, which are examined in terms of duration, time period, type of building and location. Important centres are briefly profiled and important factors affecting the squatters movement are examined, in particular institutionalisation, gentrification and criminalisation.

Evidence on the role of information and knowledge for policy making shows that policy actors seldom use information as a direct input to their decisions. Similar patterns of (non)use have been identified in the case of indicators in the environmental and sustainable development policy domains. The objective of the paper is to elucidate the patterns of environmental indicator use and to argue for the introduction of a ‘politics of policy indicators’. With a limited set of characteristics (e.g. legitimacy, credibility and salience) of indicators, which help to apprehend the usability of indicators, we argue that the usability profile of indicators can be analysed as a matter of construction and deliberation by indicator creators and policy actors. The performance of indicators as policy tools – as rendered with their usability profile – is co-dependent of the institutional embeddedness of the indicators. Our conclusion makes the case that if environmental improvements towards more sustainability are partly relying on the quality and uptake of information into policy processes in order to steer decisions, then the ‘usability profile’ of indicators itself should be subject to collective and conscious steering. This call to ‘steer the steering’ is supported by the wider calls to initiate patterns of ‘reflexive governance’ within the sustainability policy domain.

The article argues that since the early days of the democratic transition in South Africa 'transformation ' as a concept has lost its intellectual, political and moral content through becoming institutionalised. In order to undo the institutionalisation of transformation, it is necessary to explore its relationship to two types of knowledge: knowledge for transformation and knowledge of transformation. The paper argues that transformation at higher education institutions needs to be seen in the interface between knowledge for and knowledge of transformation.

يستكشف البحث الموجات المختلفة للحركة النسوية في لبنان منذ خمسينات القرن العشرين وتشكيل الدولة القومية، مروراً بصعود "اليسار الجديد" في السبعينات، وانشقاقات يسار ما بعد الحرب الأهلية وعولمة القضية النسوية في التسعينات، وأخيراً، صعود "القضايا الجديدة" المرتبطة بالحقوق الجسدية التي تطوّرت ضمن الحركة المناهضة للإمبريالية وحركة العولمة البديلة في أوائل الألفية الثانية، والتي تستمر في سياق الثورات التي تشهدها المنطقة. كما يدرس البحث علاقة تلك "الموجات" بالنظام الأبوي اللبناني، فضلاً عن إعادة تشكيل و/ أو تجديد الحركات الناشئة في ضوء الحراك الثوري.

This study focuses on the roles of rhetoric and of the various actors in institutionalisation and
deinstitutionalisation attempts. Our paper jointly investigates the process whereby budgeting became
institutionalised between 1930 and 1960 and the attempts of the CAM-I to deinstitutionalise it from 1990.
Paradoxically, the same two arguments have been used to support the institutionalisation of and the attempts to
deinstitutionalise budgets. Firstly, in the 1930’s the turbulence of the environment is used a rhetorical argument
to support the implementation of budgeting. Since 1990, the turbulence of the environment has generated a
feeling that budgeting should be abandoned. Secondly in the 1930’s and 1950’s budgets contributed to the
emancipation of managers, while since 1990 they have been deemed as rigid frameworks preventing managers
from acting freely. These contradictions reveal that we can not explain such changes by the rhetorical schemes
alone. The network of actors in which these schemes are embedded has a large part in the influence of rhetoric in
the change from one institutional order to another. It is particularly the actors to whom these rhetorical schemes
are addressed which give them their meanings. Finally, the similarities between the rhetoric used can be
explained if we analyse it as the means to transcend the fluctuating contradictions of institutional logics.

This article analyses a database of 44 squatted social centres in Rotterdam. The database provides a useful lens to examine the squatters' movement which in Rotterdam (as opposed to other larger cities such as Amsterdam or London) is underground and little studied. The database was produced through reference to a range of sources, including participant observation, archive materials, conversations with squatters past and present, academic sources and activist websites. The projects are analysed in terms of time period, duration, location and type of building occupied. A problem experienced and evaluated is the lack of both primary and secondary sources. Some significant individual projects are described and one area for which suitable information data is available, the district of Bospolder, is used as a case study regarding the issue of gentrification (which first necessitates a review of the relevant literature on gentrification). Conclusions are reached about the cycles, contexts and institutionalisation of the squatters' movement in Rotterdam.

The Gilbertine Order was the only Christian religious order created in England, established at a time of renewed interest in monastic life. While new forms of religious vocation were emerging, they were principally intended to meet the aspirations of men, not women. It is within this context that Gilbert of Sempringham established a new institution, unusual for its time, which integrated women religious with male clerics and lay brothers. This article analyses the process of institutionalisation of the order, and explores the ways in which issues of gender influenced its development.

Cet article cherche à parcourir les pas au travers desquels l´Ergonomie s´est développée en Argentine, depuis les premiers précurseurs jusqu´à nos jours. Nous ciblerons dans cette évolution les dimensions institutionnelles, à savoir les efforts en termes de formation de professionnels, la constitution d´associations et de groupes réunissant des professionnels, et enfin les différentes formes de régulation qui dessinent le périmètre d´action formel des ergonomes. Nous présenterons aussi bien la portée de ce développement que ses limitations, en abordant surtout les controverses qui freinent le développement d`une ergonomie centrée sur l´activité. Les précurseurs de l´Ergonomie, auto-formés, les développements dans différentes provinces et en synergie avec les pays voisins ont en effet permis un développement d´une Ergonomie à forte influence Européenne, mais avec des caractéristiques propres, qui héritent les controverses classiques retrouvées en Europe et dans le monde entier. Ces conflits constituent des défis pour les premières générations d'ergonomes formés dans notre pays. Abstract. This article seeks to cover the steps through which Ergonomics has grown in Argentina from the times of the early precursors to today. We will focus in this evolution´s institutional dimensions, mainly in terms of professional training, of associations and professional groups, and finally the various forms of regulation that shape the scope of formal ergonomists action. We present both the scope of the development as its limitations, especially addressing the controversies that hinder the development of activity centered ergonomics. Precursors of Ergonomics, self-trained, the developments in various provinces and in synergy with neighboring countries have in fact led to a development of a strong European influence in ergonomics, but with its own characteristics, which inherit the traditional controversies found in Europe and in other corners of the world. These conflicts pose challenges for the first generation of trained ergonomists in our country.

To investigate why elderly persons moved to a nursing home and detect any change in their psychopathological and cognitive profile, dependency and perceived QOL. We considered 100 elderly consecutively admitted to a nursing home, within 1 week of admission and 6 months later. Data were collected from medical and nursing records (medical and psychiatric history, ADL), interviews (MMSE, reasons for admission) and self-report instruments (GDS, BSI, WHOQOL-brief). At admission, 68 subjects were able to participate in the survey and agreed to take part. Only 5.9% (n = 4) had moved to the nursing home by their own choice, 26.5% (n = 18) because they were lonely and 36.7% (n = 25) because they had no caregiver available. The reasons for admission reported by the interviewed residents only partly corresponded with the ones noted in their records. Twenty-six subjects had an MMSE score >or= 18 and agreed to undertake complete assessment. The scores of 20 of the 26 subjects exceeded the cut...

This article examines squatted social centres in Amsterdam and the political squatters' movement which created them. Amsterdam has long been regarded as one of the squatting strongholds of Western Europe. A database of 115 social centres is analysed in terms of housing, legalisation processes, time period, duration of project, type of building occupied and location by borough. The database was produced using a range of sources, including participant observation, archive materials, conversations with squatters past and present, academic sources and activist websites. I
consider external factors affecting the squatters' movement such as gentrification and anti-squatting. I pay particular attention to the broedplaats concept as it pertains to institutionalisation, with significant individual projects described where appropriate. Conclusions are then reached
about the contexts, cycles and institutionalisation processes of the squatters' movement in Amsterdam.

The decade following the 2010-2011 Arab uprisings saw a flourishing of emerging media organisations across the region. The most recognisable examples of these new independent media actors include Enab Baladi in Syria, Mada Masr in Egypt, and Inkyfada in Tunisia. However, this phenomenon comprises a much more diverse set of actors from small-scale associative radio stations in Tunisia to numerous exilic Syrian media outlets. Building on previous research as well as recent fieldwork in Tunisia and Turkey, this article is an attempt to make sense of the genesis, development, and relevance of this new class of media actors. We argue that these emerging media organisations can be seen to represent specific interventions into the politics of voice in their various national and local contexts, but ones that share similar logics. To elucidate this argument, we propose a multi-dimensional understanding of these interventions that brings together voices (actors, issues, discourses), modalities of voice (organisational models, values, production value), and the underlying political economy of these emerging media (funding, institutionalisation). However, the article also argues that these interventions, and the logics they share, themselves belie a complex interaction between the political and professional agency and precarity of these media organisations and the individuals, and groups, behind them. We believe that combining these two perspectives is a necessary step for a more nuanced understanding of the nature and practice of these emerging media organisations.

There is a growing body of research on children living in foster care and other institutionalised settings. Impacted by early separation, neglect and abuse, these children often show symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Early institutionalisation is known to alter brain development and disrupt patterns of attachment with subsequent decreases in ego-resilience and an inability to cope with trauma. This article aims to review papers on children living in institutionalised and foster care settings and its association of being at an increased risk of developing PTSD symptoms as compared to those who are raised in a family environment. The search was conducted on published literature between the years 1980 to 2013 (present). The databases searched ranged from Science Direct, Pub Med, ERIC, and the University of Edinburgh online library. All papers reviewed reflect a significant relationship between institutionalisation, abuse and neglect. Furthermore, some papers highlight a correlation between the above variables and risk of developing symptoms of PTSD in children. Results in most studies indicated that children raised in institutions were more likely to develop mental disorders as compared to those who were raised at home. However, at the same time most studies did not touch upon the direct association of PTSD and institutionalisation. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is associated with functional abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis which plays a role in normal stress reactions. Evidence suggests that early abusive and neglectful care may disrupt the HPA axis in children, increasing stress responses and making them more susceptible to processing situations as threatening. This review highlights the need for future research to examine relationship between institutionalisation and symptoms of PTSD in such children.

The author of the article deals with the subject of internal secularisation of religion, which can occur on many different levels (privatisation of religious life, changing the universe of meaning, adapting religion to contemporary culture, dying of sensitivity to the "sacrum," primacy of politics over religion). Three important manifestations of internal secularisation, which we are currently dealing with, have been analysed. The first one is to secularise the consciousness of believers. The second-excessive institutionalisation and bureaucratisation of religion. Whereas the third is the dominance of secular (auxiliary) functions rather than typically religious (essential) ones.

The institutionalisation of political science in the four countries emerged after the break-up of Yugoslavia—Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia—has not been a uniform process. Despite the discipline’s foundation at almost the same time and in the same state, there are considerable differences among them in terms of stability and autonomy. Some of the most salient, albeit certainly not all are numbers of institutions, professors, students and study programs, development of political science fields, state funding, and hiring procedure. Our investigation on the roots of differences between them covers two periods. The first one deals with the Communist Yugoslav period, when the first institutions of political science were founded, and the discipline went through three decades of development under autocratic regime. Second period deals with the following three decades of institutionalisation, from first multi-party elections in 1990 until 2020. We finish the chapter with concluding remarks which could also be perceived as a guideline for further research in the field.

The main hypothesis here is that the notion of economic and social development has been misconceived by most stakeholders in matters of development. This misconception is the main cause of underdevelopment in Kenya, which leads to all the reasons most authors and commentators have given to explain Kenya's situation. Therefore, it is only possible to characterise the role of human